Artigos
RESEARCH PROJECTS
The Brazilian Urban Network
Syllabus
Title of the Project:
During the last decade, the country’s urban process intensified. The creation of new cities, the growth of small and medium cities, the increasing population density in consolidated areas and the occupation of pioneer fronts are phenomena which characterize the current process. For the comprehension of the urban process’ nature, the phenomena mentioned above need to be better identified and explored, especially regarding the functional role of the urban centers, the productive restructuring which has been going on since 2000 (specially the phenomena of industrial deconcentration and the expansion of agriculture frontiers), the demographic dynamics of the municipalities and cities and the economic, social and urban infrastructure – including logistical networks. The studies previously developed by IPEA and the recent analysis made in the Project “Urban Dynamics of the States” need to be deepened, and extended to other states and updated with data from the 2010 Census. With this, the 2000-2010 analysis cycle is closed, the one of the characterization of the urbanization, of the transformations of the cities’ demographic and productive profile and of the spatial configuration of the city networks in the country, in order to contribute to the definition of support strategies to the formulation and execution of the urban and regional development policy. Thus, from the Project “Urban dynamics of the states”, developed in the Network Ipea-Anipes, and from the promotion of the 2010 Demographic Census’ results, the studies concerning the Brazil’s Urban Networks will analyze aspects of the Brazilian urban system, in the period of 2000-2010, focusing on the transformations in the demographic, productive and functional profile of the cities, as well as in the configuration and tendencies of the country’s socio-spatial organization, in order to contribute to the definition of strategies to support the formulation and execution of the territorial development policy in different levels.
Economies based on Biome
Syllabus
Title of the Project: Economies based on Biome
The sustainable exploration of wood-based and non-wood-based forest products presents potential to the creation of Jobs and income in all Brazilian Biomes, especially in the Amazon. This type of exploration, based in ecosystem services associated to the Brazilian biomes tends to get relevance in the national economy, with highlight to the function increasingly known as the absorber of carbon of those activities. Due to this fact, initiatives to reconstitute functionally the deforestation of original areas, for economic aims, become more frequent. Those economic activities present low or no polluter levels and reduced impact in relation to the native biodiversity, especially when compared to other activities of natural base use, being of special interest to the sustainable development strategies in all regions of the country, mainly to the Amazon. However, despite the undeniable importance, they are very unknown economies. Such gap limits the formulation of public policies directed to sustainable development. Thus, the study tries to analyze alternative models to the exploration of wood-based and non-wood-based materials and measure its actual dimension and development potential, with special attention to the industrial interactions and to the product and value chains. Besides, it tries to evaluate how the new markets of ecosystem services are being constituted, with the aim of showing how they can become more compatible to the regional and local needs. The final objective is to produce information about the sustainable exploration of wood-based and non-wood-based forest products that can help the formulation of public policies to promote sustainable development.
Technological Paths, Agricultural Development Patterns and Urban-Rural Configurations.
Syllabus
Title of the Project: The Brazilian regions are marked by their agricultural systems – the land standards and the agriculture’s technological paths that are developed from them in relations of cooperation and competition in the territories. It is observed the competition for natural resources, financial resources and for technical and managerial knowledge generated as public assets. The rural paths are articulated with urban sectors of industry and services establishing consistent links in the productive arrangements that make the local economy of Brazilian regions. The aim of this study is to delimit the technological paths which prevail in the state and regional agriculture, the Standards of relations among them in defining rural territories and agrarian systems and the urban-industrial configurations that are protagonists – in chains of value and its local, state, national and international aggregations. The analysis will allow a wide observation of the needs of the Science and Technology and the rural sector’s financing, adjusted to the characteristics of their technological paths in state and regional levels. It will also allow a clear view of what makes development more effective to the urban-rural configurations in local levels.
Metropolitan Governance
Syllabus
Title of the Project: The transformations which capitalism is going through cause important effects on the metropolis. Quicker flow of finances and goods, in a market more and more internationalized; productive restructuring of the industrial activity, which allows the fragmentation of its production; and the dynamics of the service sector, which transforms itself and contributes both to the speed of financial and commercial flows and to the productive restructuring. Those transformations create more uncertainties regarding the localization of the activities in the territory, and thus, reinforce the centrality and the actual role of the metropolis in the world. In contemporary Brazil, the metropolization is a tendency of the spatial organization, as much as or even more than the urbanization phenomenon, both as a social-spatial phenomenon and as a political-institutional one. That is reflected in the increasing importance of the Brazilian metropolis and in the increase number of Metropolitan Regions. The governance of those spaces, especially regarding the management of public functions of common interest, emerges as a challenge, in the institutional point of view, with possibilities and limits of the federative relations brought by the 1988 Federal Constitution. In this sense, we propose to the IPEA Network the construction of a research Project which, in a dialog with the studies and investigations that focus on the federative relations, seeks to investigate the specificities, metropolitan governance conditions and conditionings, from the analysis and/or the evaluation of the management of public functions of common interest, also focusing on the interaction perspective of the economic and political agents and of the social actors Who contribute to the formation of the metropolitan space and to the possibilities of their management and transformation.
Regional Input-Output table
Syllabus
Title of the Project:
The theory of the Input-Output table was developed by the Russian economist Wassily Leontief. As the name suggests, this theory allows the identification of the interdependency of the productive activities concerning the inputs and outputs used and from the production process. Due to the complex nature of the productive system, its Best representation would be by means of tables, that is why the name Input-Output table (MIP). Nowadays, IBGE is responsible for the elaboration of the Brazilian MIPs, which are nationally reached and done every Five years, the most recent was done in 2005. For the calculation of the tables, IBGE uses, among other information, the Tables of Resources and Uses (TRU’s), which, by its turn, are available every year from 2000 to 2009. The regional tables were built by state research institutes in an isolated way, with their own methodologies. Thus, those initiatives to build MIPs to some states, besides not being comparable with each other, are not necessarily compatible with IBGE’s approach (IBGE 2008a), what makes difficult its use for the adoption of public policies and create doubts about its adherence to the official data. As the production process is materialized in the territory, a better understanding of the structure of production in regional level is a key element to the making of public policies in a more accurate way, considering each region’s productive idiosyncrasy. In this sense, the Project aims at the elaboration of a unique methodology and the construction of TRU’s, for the years of 2008 and 2010, and regional MIPs, for the year of 2010, compatible with the proceeding adopted by IBGE in the construction of national TRUs and MIPs, for each state participating in the IPEA Platform of Network Research – Regional Input-Output table. The existence of regional MIPs, elaborated based on the same methodology and compatible with the national MIP will allow each state to identify, among others, the chains of a specific productive activity and other sectors of the economy.
Eradication of Extreme poverty in Brazil
Syllabus
Title of the Project: The 1988 Brazilian Federal Constitution innovated when it made the social assistance a State’s responsibility, besides instituting the constitutional guarantee of income to the elderly and extremely poor people with disability, complemented by the Benefício de Prestação Continuada. Since then, there were many federal, state and municipality efforts to structure the income transfer services, in the assistance policy sphere, aiming at reducing poverty and improve Brazilian income distribution. Despite those efforts, the situation of extreme poverty of many Brazilian continues, as well as the permanence of specific situations of vulnerability (as the population living on the streets on in isolation). That make us think about the need to analyze and elaborate new action proposals on the poverty phenomenon, in an intersectorial way. In this sense, the social assistance actions should be strengthened and complemented by local actions that promote the overcoming of unemployment, precarious and/or illegal jobs, precarious health, lack of citizenship regarding civil documentation, among other needs. The current federal government, in the launch of the Brazil Sem Miséria Plan, exposed the need for the State to work on three axes for the increasing of capabilities and/or opportunities. Income guarantee axis; (ii) productive inclusion axis; (iii) access to public services axis. This way, having as a benchmark the Plan “Brasil Sem Miséria”, this Project intends to enhance the understanding of the potential regional actions of social assistance expansion (services and transfers), of articulated actions to improve the insertion of extremely poor people in the job market, as well as actions to improve the access to public services of those people.
Governmental Planning and Managing in the State sphere: A comparative analysis of the processes, contents and PPAS follow-up systems
Syllabus
Title of the Project: The Multiannual Plan (PPA), established by the 1988 Federal Constitution, is based on the instrument that defines the governmental action. The PPA define the government’s priorities for four years, establishing policies, objectives and targets of the public administration for the capital expenses and others, as well as for programs of continued duration.
It is through the PPA that the government elaborates the Budget Guidelines Law (LDO), which, after approved by the legislative, establishes the priorities and objectives for the following year and guides the formulation of the proposal of the Annual Budget Law (LOA). Thus, besides reflecting the content of a government’s program, the PPA also represents a tool to control the public expenses, conditioning the elaboration of the LDO and LOA. Due to the importance of the governmental activities’ control, the PPA constitutes an object of study capable of providing valuable indications regarding the state capacity of planning and management, having in mind the promotion of development and the improvement of the social welfare. In this view, this Project intends to analyze and present, in a compared perspective, the recent experiences of state administrations (including ten federative unities) concerning the use of the planning tool defined in the PPA during the period from 2012 to 2015, aiming at reaching a panoramic view of the connection between the government’s plan and the conduction of the governmental activity and, thus, contribute to the modernization of the public management in the country to reinforce its democratic nature.
Federative Coordination and Cooperation in Areas of Great Investments
Syllabus
Title of the Project: After the 1988 Constitution, the responsibility for the conception and implementation of public policies, including the public services’ offer, is distributed by different federative entities. Each one of those has relative autonomy to establish how, when and where those services will be offered. However, many state and municipality governments, besides federal government organisms, present low administrative capacities. Hence, the combination among the distribution of competences by the federative entities, the political autonomy that each one of them has and the administrative fragility of many public organizations creates the possibility of unsatisfactory results because of the lack of coordination of actions or the lack of cooperation to solve problems when exercising their competences. That problem is presented in a latent or sharp way and is revealed by the effort of thousands of town halls and state governments to create a mechanism of intergovernmental coordination and cooperation, for many and different public policy areas. The partnership among federative entities is currently one of the main mechanisms to promote this federative articulation in Brazil. In many regions of the Brazilian territory, the benefits of more coordinated and cooperative actions would have already been expressive being even more important, however, in those with strong economic and demographic growth due to massive investments, public or private, and in which the municipality administration and organisms of the state government are administratively fragile. Having this in mind, this Project aims at understanding the real and potential efficacy of federative coordination and cooperation mechanisms, created to deal with the transformations by huge investments, in the sense of the territorial development promotion, economic, social, environmental, political-institutional and cultural wise.
MERCOSUL and Border Regions
Syllabus
Title of the Project: Brazil has a border of about 3,700 km with the other Mercosul countries (currently Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay). Throughout the border economic, political and social activities are daily held: People who work or study in the “other side” of the border; tourists who visit the neighbor country; trucks which cross the border carrying products; policemen and other staff from each government that control the entrances and exits of the national territories; among others. This way, as a meeting point among sovereign States’ territories, public policies for border regions should be adapted to the local particularities as much as possible. Due to this issue, the government’s actions which surrounds this areas must be thought and executed jointly by the neighbor countries’ authorities, involve both the central and local governments; otherwise, problems in one side of the border will be able to contaminate the other side (environmental or criminal issues, for instance). Even if such contamination doesn’t happen, joint planned government actions can be more efficient, with lower costs and less time than individual actions (control over the entrance and exit of products from the national territory, for instance). Besides, spaces that allow the trans-border dialog so that solutions found by a country can be passed to the neighbor one and vice-versa (HIV prevention programs, for instance). Mercosul has some spaces which deal with the border issue, such as: The Ad Hoc Group about the Border Integration (GAFIH); The Advisory Forum of the Municipalities; Federal States, Provinces and Mercosul Departments (FCCR); and the Work Group of Border Integration. But how has been the performance of those institutions? What are the main obstacles they face when they deal with the border issue? In what way we can advance in the search of solutions for the problems faced in the border regions? The objective of this research line is to respond to those and other questions, searching for the dialog with institutions that, in a way, deal with the border theme in its economic, social and political dimensions.
What the State Governments can do in Brazil? Paths and Development Patterns in Unities of the Federation (compared studies for the period 1990-2010).
Syllabus
Title of the Project: The Brazilian State has been facing many and meaningful transformation since the 1980 crisis. What initially was just the economic-financial crisis resulting from the collapse by the foreign debt leaded, along this decade, to chronic inflationary processes, low fiscal capacity, and, consequently, to a serious loss and reduction of the means to finance development. In the following decade, in 1990, after many unsuccessful attempts to stop the inflationary process, the stabilization of the economy was finally reached, in 1994, with the Real Plan. A new era in the national life started, in which the economic stability started to be accompanied by deep institutional reforms, the more representative being: The productive and financial opening, with important changes in the market and foreign investment regime; the bold agenda of privatizations of state companies; the measures to control public expenses, with stronger punishments to governments of states and municipalities. The general objective of the governmental policy was to change the direction of the Brazilian development to a more globalized model, open to the chains of market and foreign investments, with more support from the private sector and a less important and more direct role of the State, against the previous developmentalist model, which was of greater governmental intervention and more closed to foreign interferences. Along the decade of 2000, however, the federative situation started to be less tensioned, because, on one hand the tax base grew, due to the growth of Brazilian economy; and on the other hand, the Union, which continues to perform a more important role in the total distribution of incomes, stated to have a closer relation with local (municipality) governments for the execution of public policies, especially in the areas of health, education and social assistance than with state governments. Those have kept, in a way, the general framework of less capacity to induce development in their territories, situation that was inherited in the last decade. With no state companies nor state development banks, the implementations of development strategies without the close collaboration of the government (and of the resources) of the Union became a more and more difficult task. The current study intends to investigate and make a compared analysis of the limits and possibilities faced by state governments in relation to the capacity of build and implement development paths in their territories.
AZIMUTE – Multidimensional Information System
Syllabus
Title of the Project: The AZIMUTE Project aims at developing a tool to increase the capacity and conditions of the public planning process. The public Power needs a tool to allow a more precise evaluation between the supply and the demand of essential public services as education and health. Such knowledge is extremely important to optimize the public policies and the investments for reducing social inequalities. Because of this, this project focuses on the construction of an information system on the WEB platform, which provides answers of consults involving quantitative, qualitative and specialized information, in a dynamic way, enabling different analysis and constituting an efficient tool to help the planning and the definition of public policies. The objectives of the project are: The development of a tool to allow the analysis of inequalities in the supply and demand of public services (education, health, public security and others) to raise the social investments’ efficiency; to follow up and evaluate the regional performance of social indicators, providing information and enhancing public policies directed to the families in poverty conditions in the State of Bahia; to support a better quality of the public services offered to the families in poverty conditions in the State of Bahia; to build a solid base for the analytic use of the information of the 2010 Demographic Census, of the National Health Facilities Census, the School Census and other data base that can be incorporated.
Multiregional Projections of skilled labor in Brazil
Syllabus
Title of the Project: During the recent years, we have been observing a discussion in Brazil about how the perspectives of the country’s development for the next decades could be jeopardized by a possible lack of skilled labor. Although we recognize that the lack of skilled professionals in strategic areas (such as engineering, production, construction, health, science and technology, etc.) can block the economic and social development, the diagnosis is that Brazil is effectively facing a shortage of skilled labor is not consensual and should be analyzed more deeply. The research Project aims at contributing to this debate, using a demographic approach for the discussion around the formation of skilled human resources (in the graduation level) in some of those strategic areas for the country. In this sense, we search for the contribution for the construction of demographic projections of the availability of those professionals in Brazil and their spatial sub-unities with perspectives for 2020. The demographic projections has become more and more important in the public and private planning scenario in Brazil, especially because of the accelerated rhythm of population aging and the economic growth during the last years in Brazil. However, although the classic demographic projections for the total population, by gender and age, present reasonable level of maturity from the methodological point of view, when dealing with projections of very specific population groups, such as the future supply of professionals of a specific area of academic formation and/or that will be available to work in a specific sector of the economy, there is still a big space to enhance methodologies. The proposal presented, goes beyond the scoop of those works which served as inspiration and intends to Project until 2030 the future availability of engineers, doctors, teachers of the elementary and high school, and professors in the 10 meso-regions of official administrative planning of the Government of Minas Gerais: Alto Paranaíba, Central, Central-West of Minas, Jequitinhonha/Mucuri, Mata, Nothwest of Minas, North of Minas, Rio Doce, South of Minas and Triângulo. Alto Paranaíba, Central, Central-West of Minas, Jequitinhonha/Mucuri, Mata, Northwest of Minas, North of Minas, Rio Doce, South of Minas and Triângulo.
Participative Institutions of the Brazilian public security: Programs driven by Police organizations
Syllabus
Title of the Project: The research proposes an initiative to map attitudes, values and beliefs of the Police, both the military and civil, related to the social participation in the institutional providing of the public security, especially regarding the activities developed by the Police. The citizen’s participation in the public security, in this case, happens through their acting in “participative institutions” (PIRES, 2011) in the public security, such as community councils of public security (or counterpart institutions), “protected neighbors’ network” and other programs created by the Police, normally defined as programs of “community policing”. The objective is to analyze aspects of those institutions’’ design, as well as raise the police’s awareness about programs of this kind, including the perception of their own work, of the population which they interact with and, specially, the meaning and the quality of the “participation”. In this sense, a research strategy is suggested, based both in the documental analysis about the operational doctrine that normalize such programs of “community policing”, and the holding of surveys with policemen who worked in some of the main Brazilian Police organizations.
Internal migrations in the 1990 and 2000 decades in selected states: Changes and continuities
Syllabus
Title of the Project: The component of internal migrations plays essential role in the determination of the regions’ population sizes, particularly from the middle of last century, as well as in the spatial redistribution of the population which, during decades, had rural-urban movements and by the expressive urban concentration and metropolization in the Center-south of the country. The Brazilian intense industrialization phase, of accelerated expansion of the agricultural borders and of national market integration, which lasted with stronger power until early 1980s, was greatly based in huge migratory flows originated in different points of the territory and with different destinies as well. The deep transformations from the economic crisis and from the changing of grow/stagnation cycles in the 1980s and 1990s, as well as the accelerated tendency of internationalization of the Brazilian economy, redesigned the productive structure profile and its locational pattern and had an impact in the society. In this context, IF in the previous phase the migratory movements were prompted by economic and social conjectures highly favorable to the absorption of the migrant in the final destination, the crisis decades in the end of last century introduced structuring obstacles represented by the lowering and bigger rigidness of the labor market, especially in urban centers, and by the exhaustion of the national agricultural borders. With this, the motivational substrate for the migratory movements changed deeply, especially for the bigger ones, because the possibilities of success and of the so dreamed social ascension practically finished. It was not by chance that the country witnessed in this period the expressive increase of international emigration, especially of Young people searching for better job opportunities in other countries. Thus, in the last 30 years, internally, the low distance migratory flows become more important, the intra-region and intra-state movements, the raise of migratory phases, the remigrations, among which the return migration are included, as well as long distance commuting. Having this in mind, this Project aims at, among other objectives, analyze and present the tendencies of migratory movements that configure the demographic dynamics in the states representing the partner institutions - Bahia, Distrito Federal, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul – in the last two decades.
Democratization of the Access to Justice and Rights Effectiveness
Syllabus
Title of the Project: The itinerant justice was created, based on the Constitutional Amendment 45 of 2004, to increase the population access to the judicial system. It is configured in the judicial service provision through which, by means of mobile unities, as adapted buses, the judicial system aims at taking the judicial activity of the State to the populations that live in places where those services are not available. The main objective of this research is to map the functioning of the Itinerant Justice in Brazil (judicial service provision in mobile facilities) and explore its potentialities in widening the access to Justice, and, consequently, in the right effectiveness of marginalized groups.
What State Courts effectively remark the constitutional principle, installing itinerant programs? What are the itinerant Justice modes created in the country? Is the existence of the program capable of reducing economic and territorial obstacles to the access? What about the cultural and psychological obstacles? What are the costs of an itinerant project? What is its proportion in relation to the costs of the traditional model? (Forums located in central regions for the displacement of the population)? Is it possible to extract elements of itinerant programs and use them in other Courts? Does the itinerant program contribute to the procedural simplification and de-bureaucratization of Justice? What is the role of the so-called alternative means of conflict resolution (specially the conciliation) in itinerant procedures? These are the first questions of the research, which will certainly develop in others during the detailing of its methodological design and execution.
Mapping the Social Vulnerability in the Brazilian Metropolitan Regions
Syllabus
Title of the Project: The Mapping the Social Vulnerability Project aims at discussing and develop, conceptually and methodologically, an indicator of social vulnerability and multidimensional poverty which will be calculated for spatial intrametropolitan cuttings. In studies about poverty, its regional distribution and the role given to the Metropolitan Regions are extremely important. Such metropolitan poverty has specific characteristics in relation to other types of poverty in Brazil, once the population in these places have less access to the so-called non-monetary incomes (derived from the production for own consumption). Besides, the metropolitan costs of living tend to be much higher than in the countryside, especially the housing costs. Other characteristic of the urban and metropolitan poverty consists in the spatial segregation as a strong condition of the poverty condition itself. The differentiation among intra-urban areas, in terms of infra-structure, security, public spaces’ availability, among others, influences the levels of people and families’ welfare. The exposure to segregated environments would be associated to processes of dissemination of behaviors, with a tendency to raise the probability of a person to present specific behavior, or still to processes of socialization in which specific values, targets and expectations are transmitted and influence individual paths. In its extreme form, the residential segregation creates “ghettos” of poor families or that have certain common characteristics which make them vulnerable to poverty and, on the other side, produce the areas that concentrate the population with high levels of wealth. That is to say, one of the greatest challenges of social policies, especially in metropolitan areas, is to transform risks in opportunities, that is, make the local residence characteristics stop constituting decisive factors to poverty reproduction. Thus, it is essential to identify priority places for the State’s intervention to formulate and implement public policies in metropolitan areas. In other words, it about placing spatially the areas that concentrate the most vulnerable populations, which should be priority targets of public policies.