Conditional cash transfer (CCT) programmes have been under close scrutiny with regard to their impacts on intermediate outcomes such as increase in school attendance, improved nutrition, higher immunization rates and attendance to at pre- and postnatal care and health checks for children. But it is still unclear how much of each impact is triggered by the extra cash (income effect), and how much is triggered by change in attitudes/behaviour because of the awareness and/or enforcement of conditionalities and, in some cases, such as Tekoporã in Paraguay, visits from social workers. (…)